When a ray of light is incident at normal incidence, (at right angles), to the surface between two optical materials, the ray travels in a straight line. When the ray is incident at any other angle, ...

We can also use wavelengths to calculate refractive index. By substituting \(v_{1}=f\lambda _{1}\) and \(v_{2}=f\lambda _{2}\) into \(n=\frac{v_{1}}{v_{2}}\) then ...

In optical sciences, the refractive index of a medium, first considered by Isaac Newton, is the most fundamental quantity. The refractive index of a medium determines not only the phase velocity of ...